Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Introduction

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden decline in kidney function that can occur within hours or days. It results in the accumulation of waste, fluid imbalances, and electrolyte disturbances, potentially leading to life-threatening complications.

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Causes

AKI is classified into three main categories:

1. Prerenal Causes (Due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys)

   • Severe dehydration
   • Heart failure
   • Sepsis
   • Blood loss

2. Intrinsic Causes (Damage within the kidneys)

   • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
   • Glomerulonephritis
   • Nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDs, aminoglycosides, contrast agents)

3. Postrenal Causes (Obstruction in urine flow)

   • Kidney stones
   • Enlarged prostate
   • Bladder tumors

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Symptoms

• Decreased urine output
• Fluid retention (swelling in legs, ankles, or around the eyes)
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fatigue

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Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis:

• Blood tests (Serum creatinine, BUN)
• Urinalysis
• Kidney ultrasound or CT scan
• Electrolyte levels

Treatment:

• Addressing the underlying cause (e.g., fluid resuscitation for dehydration, stopping nephrotoxic drugs)
• Medications to balance electrolytes
• Dialysis in severe cases
• Monitoring fluid intake and output

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Prevention

• Stay hydrated
• Avoid nephrotoxic drugs unless necessary
• Manage chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension
• Seek immediate medical attention if urine output decreases significantly

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Conclusion

Acute Kidney Injury is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and management. Early intervention can prevent complications and improve kidney function recovery.

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